Vad eller vem är det som får dig att komma upp ur sängen då du vaknar på morgonen? Att stänga av väckarklockan innan du ens vaknat? Att duscha, klä dig, göra allt detta som sker helt automatiskt utan den minsta eftertanke eller avsikt?

Du svarar kanske: Det sker helt omedvetet.

Vi slår upp ordet omedveten i Svensk Ordbok och finner följande definitioner
1/ som saknar förmåga att uppfatta något
2/ som inte har förståelse för något eller vetskap om något.

Då inställer sig frågorna:
1/ Om du saknar förmåga att uppfatta att väckarklockan ringt, hur kommer det sig då att du stänger av den?
2/ Om du inte har förståelse för eller vetskap om att det är morgon och att du behöver stiga upp för att hinna till jobbet, varför gör du det då?

Du föreslår kanske att det sker undermedvetet, d.v.s. – igen enligt ordboken – något du inte är aktivt medveten om men som påverkar ditt beteende utanför viljans kontroll.

Men någonstans inom dig finns väl ändå viljan att stiga upp och komma i tid till jobbet?

Freud talade om omedvetna psykiska processer och myntade begreppet det omedvetna för den del av personligheten som innehåller minnen, önskningar och impulser som blivit bortträngda från medvetandet och visar sig bara i förtäckt eller indirekt form. Begreppen omedvetet/det omedvetna och undermedvetet/det undermedvetna har ofta använts som synonymer. De är begrepp som används än i dag.

Många väljer att hålla fast vid dessa begrepp men en del poängterar samtidigt att det rör sig om något annat än Freuds omedvetna. Gladwell använder t.ex. begreppet det adaptiva undermedvetna och definierar det som ett slags inre dator med kapacitet att bearbeta stora mängder information som kan leda fram till snabba beslut och handlingar som upplevs som intuitiva. Han skriver: ”Det adaptiva undermedvetna är mycket bra på att göra bedömningar av omvärlden, varna människor för faror, sätta upp mål och effektivt utföra komplexa handlingar”.

Detta är en bra beskrivning av vad denna instans inom oss är kapabel till, men begreppet undermedvetna kan vara missvisande då det implicerar att det är fråga om en instans som befinner sig under medvetandet i stället för att betraktas som en del av detta.

Freuds begrepp det omedvetna var på sin tid revolutionerande, men i princip gäller samma invändning som mot begreppet undermedvetande, då termen låter förstå att denna instans saknar medvetande.

Är du omedveten om något innebär det att du är okunnig om detta, att den kunskapen inte finns någonstans inom dig. Men i det som kallats det omedvetna finns en kunskap även om vi så länge vi fortfarande befinner oss i vanliga vakna medvetandetillstånd inte har någon direkt upplevelse av den.

Omedveten kunskap är alltså en motsägelse. Om du är omedveten om något har du inte den kunskapen någonstans inom dig.

I själva verket besitter det vi kallar vårt undermedvetna/omedvetna en mängd kunskap och kan, såsom Gladwell påpekar, tänka, göra bedömningar och använda denna kunskap i handling. Den kan både uppfatta och ha förståelse och vetskap om något och kan därför inte kallas omedveten eller befinna sig under medvetandet. Vi kan med fördel i stället kalla denna instans vår inre del och i analogi med detta kallar vi den s.k. medvetna delen vår yttre del.

Det är viktigt att förstå att det inte bara är förbjudna tankar, känslor och impulser som hamnar här i den inre delen efter att de avvisats av den del Freud kallade det medvetna. Framför allt gäller det alla de beteenden som repeterats tillräckligt många gånger och som sedan genereras i form av automatiserade beteenden. Vi förnimmer med hjälp av våra sinnen och vi bearbetar våra intryck, vi tänker, känner, föreställer oss och reagerar med kroppen, rör på den och förflyttar oss utan att samtidigt reflektera över att vi gör allt detta.

Det mesta av det vi vet och kan finns i den inre delen av oss. Den mänskliga hjärnan är uppenbarligen konstruerad så att den inre delen kan
• ta emot mer information än den yttre
• lagra den
• bearbeta delar av den på egen hand, d.v.s. utan den yttres hjälp
• omsätta den i olika typer av beteenden.

Största delen av den information som kommer till oss utifrån går via sinnena direkt in i den inre delen och lagras här. Därför besitter den inre delen en större mängd kunskap och erfarenhet än den yttre samtidigt som den yttre delen, som har mindre kapacitet, skyddas från överbelastning.

Den danske vetenskapsjournalisten Nørretranders är inne på detta då han skriver att ”medvetandets bandbredd” helt enkelt inte är tillräckligt stor för att särskilt mycket av det som passerar genom vår hjärna skall nå fram till medvetandet. Men då Nørretranders skriver om medvetande syftar han uppenbarligen på vad som här kallats den yttre delen av medvetandet. För att använda hans uttryck, som är användbart i sammanhanget, kan man säga att den yttre delen av oss har en viss bandbredd medan den inre har en annan större sådan.

Vi tar alltså emot en hel del information utifrån utan att den yttre delen av vårt medvetande märker att vi gör det. Då den införlivats finns den lagrad någonstans inom oss och den kan bli till användbar kunskap och erfarenhet även om den är otillgänglig för den yttre delens direkta upplevelse. Men hur kan vi då veta att den finns?

Trots att den kunskap som den inre delen besitter är latent eller otillgänglig ur den yttre delens perspektiv, i alla fall i vanliga vakna medvetandetillstånd, ger den sig tillkänna t.ex. i form av symbolbilder i drömmar, kreativa infall och symptom av olika slag. Men framför allt är det uppenbart att den styr över de flesta av våra tankar, föreställningar och vår kropps sätt att röra sig och reagera. De flesta av våra beteenden är automatiserade, vilket innebär att de styrs av den inre delen och sker spontant d.v.s. med automatik.

Ett exempel på hur våra beteenden automatiseras är när vi lär oss cykla. Då vi lär oss göra det koncentrerar vi oss på att hålla balansen samtidigt som vi trampar pedalerna i rätt riktning o.s.v. Då den yttre delen av oss lärt sig att göra allt detta i tillräckligt hög grad kan vi samtidigt njuta av solen, betrakta landskapet, prata med den som cyklar bredvid m.m. för cyklandet har blivit automatiserat, d.v.s. den inre delen av oss har tagit över och sett till att vi kan hålla balansen, trampa pedalerna i rätt riktning m.m. utan att den yttre delen av oss behöver ägna det många tankar. På samma sätt har det mesta vi lärt automatiserats. Tankar, känslor, föreställningar, kroppsrörelser och -reaktioner som vi tillräckligt många gånger repeterat i vår yttre del automatiseras sedan i den inre.

Självfallet är de beteenden som automatiseras inte alltid positiva. Om negativa och andra onödiga tankar repeterats tillräckligt många gånger automatiseras de i den inre delen och läcker ut igen i form av olika symptom. Under dessa tankar kan det finnas bortträngda upplevelser som också kan ge upphov till symptom.

Utgår vi från synen på medvetandet som en enhet, som även innefattar det vi traditionellt kallat det omedvetna eller undermedvetna, kan vi konstatera att vi kan befinna oss i olika delar av oss själva eller på olika nivåer inom oss själva beroende på vilket tillstånd vi befinner oss i:

• I ett vanligt vaket tillstånd upplever vi att vi huvudsakligen befinner oss och är verksamma genom vår yttre del. Därför identifierar vi oss helt naturligt med den mer än med någon annan. Men vår upplevelse av att vår yttre del är huvudaktör överensstämmer egentligen inte med verkligheten. I själva verket är det den inre delen som är det om än inte i lika hög grad som i hypnotiska tillstånd och under sömnen.

• I sömnen har vi vår utgångspunkt i den inre delen. Den yttre är överhuvudtaget inte aktiv. Den vet inte ens att den existerar. Det är uppenbart att det är den inre som är huvudaktören. Manus¬författaren, regissören och producenten bakom drömmarna är vår inre del. I drömmarna försöker den inre delen bearbeta de upplevelser som finns lagrade här, i mer eller mindre symbolisk form.

• I hypnotiska tillstånd är det också uppenbart att vi har vår utgångspunkt i den inre delen. Men till skillnad från i sömnen befinner vi oss även i den yttre och är verksamma både genom vår yttre och vår inre del om än mer genom den inre. Genom att den yttre delen observerar överlåter den kommandot att styra över allt fler av våra beteenden åt den inre delen.

I hypnotiska tillstånd lär vi oss förflytta oss allt djupare in i vårt medvetande och kommer alltmer att betrakta saker och ting även och småningom framför allt ur den inre delens perspektiv. Vi kan då konstatera att den inre delen är minst lika medveten och klok som den yttre. Den yttre och inre delen arbetar på olika sätt och kompletterar varandra.

Vår yttre och inre del är som strängar på ett och samma instrument. I vanliga vakna medvetandetillstånd hör vi som regel bara den yttre delens toner. I hypnotiska tillstånd kan vi fortfarande höra dem men även den inre delens toner. Vi hör då fler av de toner som spelas och som egentligen spelats hela tiden.


1 Guy Claxton använder begreppet undermind i boken Hare brain, tortoise mind: How intelligence increases when you think less. The Ecco Press 2002.

2 Malcolm Gladwell: Blink: Den intuitiva intelligensen. Stockholm: Norstedts 2006. Orig. titel är The power of thinking without thinking.

3S.k. subliminal perception

4 Tor Nørretranders: Märk världen: En bok om vetenskap och intuition. Stockholm: Bonnier Alba 1991 (s. 226).

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